ترجمه استعاره‌های اسمی: توسیع و ارجاع به استعارات جهانی با کلمات عام
چکیده
این مقاله استعارات اسمی را ازدیدگاه‌های کلاس-شمول و استعارات جهانی مورد تفحص قرار می‌دهد. هدف این مقاله بررسی تغییراتی است که در اثر ترجمه یک استعاره از یک زبان به زبان دیگر رخ می‌دهد. شرکت‌کنندگان در این تحقیق یک گروه سی نفره از دانشجویان فارسی‌زبان مقطع کارشناسی در گروه زبان انگلیسی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز بودند. سی و پنج استعاره به این شرکت‌کنندگان داده شد و از آنها خواسته شد که این استعارات را از زبان انگلیسی به فارسی ترجمه نمایند. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست آمده، محققان این مطالعه نتیجه گرفتند که وقتی استعارات از انگلیسی به فارسی ترجمه می‌شوند، استعاره با کلمات عام‌تر جایگزین می‌شود. بر اساس نظریات کلاس-شمول و استعارات جهانی، دو دلیل برای این امر پیشنهاد می‌شود. نخست اینکه، کلمات عام‌تر گستره وسیع‌تری دارند. این دسته‌های بزرگتر کلمات می‌توانند شامل معانی تحت‌اللفظی و استعاری کلمات باشند. دوم اینکه، کلمات عام می‌توانند استعارات جهانی ایجاد کنند. در قالب هر یک از این استعارات جهانی، تعداد زیادی استعاره دیگر طبقه‌بندی می‌شوند. استعارات جهانی وجه مشترک بسیاری از زبان‌ها و شاید همۀ زبان‌ها باشند. بنابراین، این استعارات به‌راحتی در زبان‌ها و فرهنگ‌های مختلف درک می‌شوند.
کلمات راهنما:
Nominal metaphor; Class-inclusion model; Universal metaphorsمراجع
Allbritton, D. W., McKoon, G., Gerrig, R. J. (1995). Metaphor-based schemas and text representations: Making connections through conceptual metaphors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 612-625.
Blasko, D.G., & Connine, C.M. (1993). Effects of familiarity and aptness on metaphor processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19,295-308.
Bokor, Z. (1997). Body-based constructionism in the conceptualization of anger. C.L.E.A.R. series, no. 17. Budapest: Department of English, Hamburg University and the Department of American Studies, ELTE.
Carroll, D. (2008). Psychology of Language. Toronto: Thompson publications.
Chiappe, D. L., & Kennedy, J. M., & Smykowski, T. (2003). Reversibility, aptness, and the conventionality of metaphors and similes. Metaphor & Symbol, 18, 85-105.
Gernsbacher, M.A., Keysar, B., Robertson, R. R. W., & Werner, N. K. (2001). The role of suppression and enhancement in understanding metaphors. Journal of Memory and Language 45, 433-450.
Gibbs, R.W. (1994). Figurative thought and figurative language. Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 411-446). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Glucksberg, S., & Keysar, B. (1990). Understanding metaphorical comparisons: Beyond similarity. Psychological Review, 97, 3-18.
Glucksberg, S., & Keysar, B. (1993). How metaphors work. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (2nd ed, pp. 401-424). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Glucksberg, S., McGlone, M. S., & Manfredi, D. (1997). Property attribution in metaphor comprehension. Journal of Memory and language, 36, 50-67.
Glucksberg, S., Manfredi. D.A., & McGlone, M.S. (1997). Metaphor comprehension: How metaphors create categories. In T.B Wards, S.M. Smith, & J. Vaid (Eds.), Creative thought: An investigation of conceptual metaphors and processes (pp. 326-350). Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.
Glucksberg, S. (2001). Understanding Figurative Language: From Metaphors to Idioms, Oxford University Press.
Glucksberg, S., Newsome, M. R., & Goldvarg, Y. (2001). Inhibition of the literal: Filtering metaphor-irrelevant information during metaphor comprehension. Metaphor & Symbol. 16,277-293.
Glucksbers, S. (2003). The psycholinguistics of metaphor. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 92-96.
Jones, L., & Estes, Z. (2005). Metaphor comprehension as attributive categorization. Journal of Memory and Language, 53, 110-124.
Jones, L., & Estes, Z. (2006). Roosters, robins, and alarm clocks: Aptness and conventionality in metaphor comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 18-32.
Katz, A. N., Paivio, A., Marschark, M., & Clark, J. M. (1988). Norms for 204 literary and 260 nonliterary metaphors on 10 psychological dimensions. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 3,191-214.
Keysar, B. & Glucksberg, S. (1992). Metaphor and communication. Poetics Today, 13:4, 633-658.
King, B. (1989). The Conceptual structure of emotional experience in Chinese. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.
Kovecses, Z. (2005). Metaphor in culture: Universality and variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. & Kovecses, Z. (1987). The cognitive model of anger inherent in American English. In D. Holland and N. Quinn (Eds.), Cultural models in language and thought (pp. 195-221). Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors we live by. London: University of Chicago Press.
Matsuki, K. (1995). Metaphors of anger in Japanese. In J. R. Taylor and R. MacLaury (Eds.), Language and the cognitive construal of the world (pp. 137–151). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
McGlone, M. S. (1996). Conceptual metaphors and figurative language interpretation: Food for thought? Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 544-565.
Ortony, A. (1979). Metaphor, language, and thought. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (pp. 1-19). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Riddle, E. M. (2000). The “string” metaphor of life and language in Hmong. Paper presented at international pragmatic conference, Budapest, Hungary.
Taylor, J. & Mbense, T. (1998). Red dogs and rotten mealies: How Zulus talk about anger. In A. Athanasiadou and E. Tabakowska (Eds.), Speaking of emotions: Conceptualization and expression (pp. 191–226). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Vahdat, S. & Khatinzadeh, O. (2014). Aptness dynamism: The impact of culture and introversion-extroversion scale on metaphor acceptability judgments. Paper presented at international conference of ISPLR, Ankara, Turkey.
Yang, G. (2002). Love and its conceptual metaphors in Mandarin. Aspectual classification. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Linguistics, University of California, at Berkeley.
Yu, N. (1995). Metaphorical expression of anger and happiness in English and Chinese. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 10, 223–245.
Blasko, D.G., & Connine, C.M. (1993). Effects of familiarity and aptness on metaphor processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19,295-308.
Bokor, Z. (1997). Body-based constructionism in the conceptualization of anger. C.L.E.A.R. series, no. 17. Budapest: Department of English, Hamburg University and the Department of American Studies, ELTE.
Carroll, D. (2008). Psychology of Language. Toronto: Thompson publications.
Chiappe, D. L., & Kennedy, J. M., & Smykowski, T. (2003). Reversibility, aptness, and the conventionality of metaphors and similes. Metaphor & Symbol, 18, 85-105.
Gernsbacher, M.A., Keysar, B., Robertson, R. R. W., & Werner, N. K. (2001). The role of suppression and enhancement in understanding metaphors. Journal of Memory and Language 45, 433-450.
Gibbs, R.W. (1994). Figurative thought and figurative language. Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 411-446). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Glucksberg, S., & Keysar, B. (1990). Understanding metaphorical comparisons: Beyond similarity. Psychological Review, 97, 3-18.
Glucksberg, S., & Keysar, B. (1993). How metaphors work. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (2nd ed, pp. 401-424). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Glucksberg, S., McGlone, M. S., & Manfredi, D. (1997). Property attribution in metaphor comprehension. Journal of Memory and language, 36, 50-67.
Glucksberg, S., Manfredi. D.A., & McGlone, M.S. (1997). Metaphor comprehension: How metaphors create categories. In T.B Wards, S.M. Smith, & J. Vaid (Eds.), Creative thought: An investigation of conceptual metaphors and processes (pp. 326-350). Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.
Glucksberg, S. (2001). Understanding Figurative Language: From Metaphors to Idioms, Oxford University Press.
Glucksberg, S., Newsome, M. R., & Goldvarg, Y. (2001). Inhibition of the literal: Filtering metaphor-irrelevant information during metaphor comprehension. Metaphor & Symbol. 16,277-293.
Glucksbers, S. (2003). The psycholinguistics of metaphor. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 92-96.
Jones, L., & Estes, Z. (2005). Metaphor comprehension as attributive categorization. Journal of Memory and Language, 53, 110-124.
Jones, L., & Estes, Z. (2006). Roosters, robins, and alarm clocks: Aptness and conventionality in metaphor comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 18-32.
Katz, A. N., Paivio, A., Marschark, M., & Clark, J. M. (1988). Norms for 204 literary and 260 nonliterary metaphors on 10 psychological dimensions. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 3,191-214.
Keysar, B. & Glucksberg, S. (1992). Metaphor and communication. Poetics Today, 13:4, 633-658.
King, B. (1989). The Conceptual structure of emotional experience in Chinese. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.
Kovecses, Z. (2005). Metaphor in culture: Universality and variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. & Kovecses, Z. (1987). The cognitive model of anger inherent in American English. In D. Holland and N. Quinn (Eds.), Cultural models in language and thought (pp. 195-221). Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors we live by. London: University of Chicago Press.
Matsuki, K. (1995). Metaphors of anger in Japanese. In J. R. Taylor and R. MacLaury (Eds.), Language and the cognitive construal of the world (pp. 137–151). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
McGlone, M. S. (1996). Conceptual metaphors and figurative language interpretation: Food for thought? Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 544-565.
Ortony, A. (1979). Metaphor, language, and thought. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (pp. 1-19). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Riddle, E. M. (2000). The “string” metaphor of life and language in Hmong. Paper presented at international pragmatic conference, Budapest, Hungary.
Taylor, J. & Mbense, T. (1998). Red dogs and rotten mealies: How Zulus talk about anger. In A. Athanasiadou and E. Tabakowska (Eds.), Speaking of emotions: Conceptualization and expression (pp. 191–226). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Vahdat, S. & Khatinzadeh, O. (2014). Aptness dynamism: The impact of culture and introversion-extroversion scale on metaphor acceptability judgments. Paper presented at international conference of ISPLR, Ankara, Turkey.
Yang, G. (2002). Love and its conceptual metaphors in Mandarin. Aspectual classification. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Linguistics, University of California, at Berkeley.
Yu, N. (1995). Metaphorical expression of anger and happiness in English and Chinese. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 10, 223–245.
چاپ‌شده
2018-02-10
ارجاع به مقاله
Yazdani Fazlabadi, B., & Khatin-Zadeh, O. (2018). ترجمه استعاره‌های اسمی: توسیع و ارجاع به استعارات جهانی با کلمات عام. فصلنامه مطالعات ترجمه ایران, 15(59), 135–152. Retrieved از https://www.journal.translationstudies.ir/ts/article/view/357
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نوع مقاله
مقاله علمی-پژوهشی
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Copyright Licensee: Iranian Journal of Translation Studies. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license).
